Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Escape Hybrid
 | |
| Production | 2004–2007 |
|---|---|
| Engine(s) | 2.3 L (140 cu in, 2261 cc) Duratec 23 I4 Atkinson cycle[1] |
| Transmission(s) | Electronically controlled continuously variable |
| Wheelbase | 103.2 in (2621 mm)[1] |
| Length | 174.9 in (4442 mm)[1] |
| Width | 70.1 in (1781 mm)[1] |
| Height | 69.9 in (1775 mm) (w/roof rack) [1] |
| Fuel capacity | 15.0 U.S. gal (57 L; 12.5 imp gal)[1] |
 | |
| Production | 2008–present |
|---|---|
| Engine(s) | 2008: 2.3 L (140 cu in, 2261 cc)[2] 2009: 2.5 L (152 cu. in, 2488 cc) I4 DOHC 16-valve Atkinson cycle[3] |
| Transmission(s) | Continuously variable transmission |
| Wheelbase | 103.1 in (2619 mm)[3] |
| Length | 174.7 in (4437 mm)[3] |
| Width | 71.1 in (1806 mm)[3] |
| Height | 67.7 in (1720 mm)[3] |
| Fuel capacity | 15.0 U.S. gal (57 L; 12.5 imp gal)[3] |
The Ford Escape Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the Ford Escape SUV developed by the Ford Motor Company, first launched in the U.S. in 2004, to offset the pollution resulting from non-hybrid SUV use. Built in Kansas City, Missouri, it was the first hybrid SUV to hit the market. A similar vehicle, the Mercury Mariner Hybrid is sold by Ford's Mercury marque. A third variation, the Mazda Tribute Hybrid, arrived in the fall of 2007 as a 2008 Model Year vehicle with a limited production run for the California market.[4] The SUV got its first update (by not counting its 2008 redesign) in 2009 by changing the engine from 2.3L to 2.5L and badges. The Ford Escape Hybrid was the first American-built hybrid and the first hybrid vehicle from an American automaker, joining the Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrids during the same model year.
Hybrid versions can be identified by the "Hybrid" badges on the front driver's and passenger's doors as well as on the tailgate. In addition, the driver's side window in the cargo area is smaller in size in order to accommodate a ventilation slot for the high voltage battery. There was also a "Special Appearance Package" available as an option on the 2005-2007 Hybrid models. This package replaced the traditional lower cladding of the Escape with a silver finish (see picture).
The Escape hybrid is a "full" hybrid electric system, meaning the system can switch automatically between pure electric power, pure gasoline engine power, or a combination of electric battery and gasoline engine operating together, for maximum performance and efficiency at all speeds and loads. When braking or decelerating, the Escape's hybrid system uses regenerative braking, where the electric drive motor becomes a generator, converting the vehicle's momentum back to electricity for storage in the batteries. With 155 hp (116 kW), the Hybrid Escape has nearly the same acceleration performance as the conventional 200 hp (150 kW) V6 Escape.
Ford built 17,000 Escape Hybrids in the second half of 2004, four times as many as it had originally planned, and sales figures have remained steady. Starting in 2005 New York City and other cities in the world such as Mexico city began using the Ford Escape Hybrid as Taxicabs:[5]
| Model | 2005 sales | 2006 sales | 2007 sales | 2008 sales | 2009 sales |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford Escape Hybrid (FEH) | 18,797 | 19,228 | 21,386[6] | Unknown | Unknown |
| Mercury Mariner Hybrid (MMH) | 998 | 3,375 | 3,722[6] | Unknown | Unknown |
Purchasers of 2008 Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner hybrids qualify for US income tax credits between $2,200-3,000. [7]
Ford announced the development of a prototype Hybrid Escape E85, the first hybrid vehicle capable of running on 85% ethanol flexible fuel, although they have not announced any production plans.[8]
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Development
The Escape Hybrid uses technology similar to that used in Toyota's Prius. Ford engineers realized their technology may conflict with patents held by Toyota, which led to a 2004 patent-sharing accord between the companies, licensing Ford's use of some of Toyota's hybrid technology[9] in exchange for Toyota's use of some of Ford's diesel and direct-injection engine technology.[10] Ford maintains that Ford received no technical assistance from Toyota in developing the hybrid powertrain, but that some hybrid engine technologies developed by Ford independently were found to be similar to technologies previously patented by Toyota, so licenses were obtained.[10] Aisin Seiki Co. Ltd., a Japanese automotive components supplier belonging to the Toyota Group, supplies the hybrid continuously variable transmission for the Escape Hybrid. While Toyota produces its third-generation Prius transmission in-house, Aisin is the only supplier of hybrid transmissions to other manufacturers. Friction has arisen concerning Aisin's allocation of limited production capacity and engineering resources to Ford.[10]
Sanyo Electric Co., which first produced hybrid car batteries in a joint venture with Honda,[11] built the 50 kg (110 lb),330V[12] 5.5 Ah (would make it 1.8kWh storage) , 250-cell nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack for the 2005 Escape Hybrid.[13]
Performance
The Escape Hybrid's 133 horsepower (99 kW) gasoline I4 engine and electric motor combine to give performance similar to the engine commonly used in the regular Escape. The hybrid is said to give approximately 75% greater efficiency, with about 33 to 36 mpg-U.S. in city traffic, (and has demonstrated it can travel 400–500 miles (644-805 km) on a single 16.5-U.S.-gallon (62 L; 13.7 imp gal) tank of gasoline in city driving), and 29 to 31 mpg-U.S. (7.6L-8.1 L/100 km; 35-37 mpg-imp) on the highway. Unlike conventional vehicles, hybrids often achieve better figures in the city because they do not waste power idling and can recover some power when stopping (by using regenerative braking) that would be wasted on a conventional vehicle.
The Escape Hybrid can accelerate up to approximately 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) on electric, with a (very) gentle acceleration. On level ground, speeds up to 40 mph (60 km/h) can be maintained on battery power alone. Use of defrosters or air conditioning may cause the engine to remain on at low speed. A maximum distance of 1.5 miles (2.4 km) - 1.8 miles (2.9 km) can be performed on electric before the batteries will discharge and the gasoline will restart.[14]
The Escape Hybrid gives a top speed of 102 mph (163 km/h).[15]
Ford has been making major updates to this vehicle annually, and some data may differ even in versions of the same generation. For example, the hybrid system and braking had major changes in 2009.
Emissions
The Escape Hybrid meets both California's SULEV and PZEV standards, with tailpipe emissions better than 90% less than the average 2003 new car and zero evaporative emissions.[16]
Plug-in hybrids
Three companies have converted Ford Escape Hybrids to Plug-in under a contract with the NYSERDA and delivered them in 2007:[17]
- Electrovaya of Toronto Canada
- Hymotion also of Toronto Canada
- Hybrids Plus of Boulder Colorado USA
Ford has converted a Ford Escape Hybrid to Plug-in and delivered it to Southern California Edison (SCE) in December 2007 to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid.[18] Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings," according to Ford. [19][20]
Technology
The Ford and Hybrids Plus conversions are similar: conversion involves the replacement of the original NiMH battery (on the floor of the trunk) with a larger capacity Li-ion battery, in the same location and substantially the same volume as the original battery.
On the other side, the Electrovaya and Hymotion conversions retain the original battery, and augment it with a Li-ion battery that occupies a significant portion of the trunk.
In all cases, the conversion also involves the addition of a charger and of a power plug.
PHEV Version
Ford has created a Plug-In Hybrid version of the Escape, which has been sent to the United States Department of Energy. This vehicle uses E-85, in addition to its electric system. The vehicle's electric power is provided by a 10-kilowatt lithium-ion battery, which allows for a 30-mile (48 km) range at 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) or less. When the battery's charge drops to 30%, the vehicle switches to its four-cylinder engine, assisted by the batteries. The one-of-a-kind vehicle has a display system which shows the driver how efficient the vehicle is at any given time.
If the vehicle uses its engine and is running in traditional hybrid mode, fuel economy is rated at 88 miles per U.S. gallon (2.7 L/100 km; 106 mpg-imp) in the city and 50 miles per U.S. gallon (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg-imp) on the highway.[21]
New Life-saving Vehicle for Lifeguards
In 2008, the Los Angeles County Fire Department lifeguard division has deployed more than 20 escape hybrid SUV's to patrol the beaches of Los Angeles County. The Escape Hybrids have two rescue cans and one rescue paddleboard. Lifeguard vehicles are numbered from 1-342 reflecting the area and section that they are assigned to.